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Evidence Act to BSA: the section number you have, and the one it is now

The Bharatiya Sakshya Adhiniyam replaced the Indian Evidence Act on 1 July 2024. Free · checked 11 September 2026

Just the number, with its letter if it has one — “420”, “41A”, “65B”.

Which Code is the number from?
Which way round?

Mappings from the Ministry of Home Affairs corresponding-section tables, checked 11 September 2026. Classifications, for the BNS only, from the First Schedule to the BNSS. Nothing is typed in by hand. The search needs JavaScript; every mapping is also printed as a plain table that does not: IPC to BNS, CrPC to BNSS and Evidence Act to BSA.

Quick answer

The Bharatiya Sakshya Adhiniyam, 2023 (BSA) replaced the Indian Evidence Act, 1872 on 1 July 2024. Section 65B (electronic records) is now BSA 63, section 27 (discovery on information from an accused) is the proviso to BSA 23, and section 32 (dying declarations) is BSA 26. Enter any Evidence Act section above for its BSA number, or reverse. A proceeding already pending on 1 July 2024 stays under the Evidence Act.

Key takeaways

  • Enter an Evidence Act section to get the BSA provision, or a BSA section to get the Evidence Act section it came from. Merged sections return every source — BSA 23 gathers sections 25, 26 and 27.
  • The transition test is pendency: an application, trial, inquiry, investigation, proceeding or appeal pending immediately before 1 July 2024 is dealt with under the Evidence Act (BSA s. 170(2)).
  • The Government’s comparison table for this Act marks no provision as changed. A result marked "moved" is not proof the wording is the same — BSA 63 is listed as a plain move from 65B, yet it added a two-part certificate.
  • The table lists 184 Evidence Act provisions; 5 were dropped and 2 BSA provisions are new, one of them the repeal section.
  • The search box needs JavaScript. The complete Evidence Act to BSA table below is rendered on the server and does not.
What happened to each provision of the Indian Evidence Act, 1872

Counted over Indian Evidence Act provisions — 184 of them — so the bars answer “what happened to the number I used to look up”. Counting new sections instead would make the same change look smaller, because several old provisions often share one new one.

  • Moved one-to-one160(87%)

    A one-to-one move. This table does not mark changes, so this is not proof of the same words.

  • Merged into a shared section19(10%)

    Folded in with others, landing in a sub-section.

  • Split across provisions0(0%)

    One old provision, now more than one.

  • Repealed with no replacement5(3%)

    Gone, and nothing took its place.

And going the other way

2 provisions of the Bharatiya Sakshya Adhiniyam have no counterpart in the Indian Evidence Act. They are new BSA provisions, and no Evidence Act section number leads to them.

What happened to each provision of the Indian Evidence Act, 1872, as counts
OutcomeProvisions
Moved one-to-one160
Merged into a shared section19
Split across provisions0
Repealed with no replacement5
Total old provisions accounted for184

Derived from the Ministry of Home Affairs corresponding-section table for the BSA, row by row. This table marks no provision as changed, so there is no changed-in-substance bar: a zero there would read as a finding, when it only means the table does not say.

Which evidence law applies — pendency on 1 July 2024

Like the BNSS, and unlike the BNS, the BSA does not follow the date of the offence or the date of the events in dispute. Section 170(2) provides that where any application, trial, inquiry, investigation, proceeding or appeal was pending immediately before 1 July 2024, it "shall be dealt with under the provisions of the Indian Evidence Act, 1872 … as if this Adhiniyam had not come into force".

So a trial that began in 2023 is decided under the Evidence Act throughout, while a proceeding begun on or after 1 July 2024 uses the BSA even where the events are years older. The BSA applies to civil and criminal proceedings alike, so this matters in a property suit as much as in a prosecution.

Section 170 states the rule; applying it can still require judgment. Whether a later application in an older case counts as part of a pending proceeding, for instance, can depend on the facts and on how the court concerned reads the section.

Common Evidence Act to BSA section mappings

The Evidence Act sections people most often search for, and the BSA provision each now corresponds to. Every row is read from the Ministry of Home Affairs corresponding-section table — the same data the converter uses.

Frequently searched Indian Evidence Act sections and their BSA provisions
Evidence ActSubjectBSAWhat happened
3DefinitionsBSA 2merged
24Confession caused by inducement, threat or promiseBSA 22merged
25Confession to a police officerBSA 23(1)merged
26Confession in police custodyBSA 23(2)merged
27Discovery on information from an accusedBSA 23, provisomerged
32Statements of persons who cannot be called — dying declarationsBSA 26moved
45Opinions of expertsBSA 39(1)merged
45AOpinion of the Examiner of Electronic EvidenceBSA 39(2)merged
62Primary evidenceBSA 57moved
65BAdmissibility of electronic recordsBSA 63moved
101Burden of proofBSA 104moved
106Fact especially within knowledgeBSA 109moved
113BPresumption as to dowry deathBSA 118moved
114Facts the court may presumeBSA 119moved
138Order of examinationsBSA 143moved
154Question by party to its own witnessBSA 157moved

This table carries no change markers for any Evidence Act provision, so "moved" only means a one-to-one move. Read the BSA section before relying on old case law.

Section 65B to BSA 63: why "moved" is not "unchanged"

Section 65B is the most searched Evidence Act provision, and the clearest example of what the table does not tell you. It is listed as a plain move to BSA 63. But section 63(4) now requires the certificate to be signed by the person in charge of the device or the relevant activities and by an expert, in the form set out in the Schedule.

That Schedule form has Part A for the party producing the record and Part B for the expert, and both ask for the record’s hash value. A certificate drafted to the old 65B pattern is not the certificate section 63 describes.

For a proceeding pending before 1 July 2024, section 65B still applies. For one begun later, section 63 does. Using the wrong certificate for the wrong proceeding invites an objection that is entirely avoidable.

⚠️
The table’s silence is not a finding

The corresponding-section tables for the BNS and BNSS mark altered provisions. The table for the Evidence Act marks none. That is a gap in the table, not evidence that nothing changed.

Merged sections, and the new BSA provisions

The confession rules show the merge from both sides. Evidence Act sections 25, 26 and 27 are now BSA 23(1), 23(2) and the proviso to 23. Searching BSA 23 in the "New → old" direction returns all three, because the one section gathers them.

Expert opinion works the same way: section 45 is BSA 39(1), and section 45A, on the Examiner of Electronic Evidence, is BSA 39(2).

Only 2 BSA provisions have no Evidence Act predecessor: section 61, which says an electronic or digital record cannot be denied admissibility merely because it is electronic (subject to section 63), and section 170, the repeal and savings section. Searching either returns no Evidence Act number.

Worked examples

Example 1: WhatsApp messages in a suit filed in 2025

Number in the draft
Section 65B certificate
Suit filed
February 2025
  1. 1.Pick Evidence, "Old → new", and enter 65B: the result is BSA 63, admissibility of electronic records.
  2. 2.The suit began after 1 July 2024, so section 170(2) does not preserve the Evidence Act: the BSA governs.
  3. 3.Read section 63(4) and the Schedule: the certificate needs two signatories and the hash value.
Result

Produce a section 63 certificate in the Schedule form, not a 65B certificate.

Example 2: A recovery memo that relies on "section 27"

Number in the memo
Section 27, Evidence Act
Investigation began
September 2024
  1. 1.Enter 27: the result is "BSA 23, proviso", marked merged.
  2. 2.Switch to "New → old" and enter 23: it returns Evidence Act 25, 26 and 27, showing what else section 23 holds.
  3. 3.The investigation began after 1 July 2024, so the BSA applies.
Result

Cite the proviso to BSA section 23. Citing "section 23" alone points first to the bar on confessions to police.

Example 3: A trial pending since 2022

Provision argued
Section 32 — a dying declaration
Trial began
2022, still pending
  1. 1.The trial was pending immediately before 1 July 2024.
  2. 2.Section 170(2) says it is dealt with under the Indian Evidence Act as if the BSA had not come into force.
  3. 3.The converter gives BSA 26 as the corresponding provision, useful for later cases.
Result

In this trial, section 32 of the Evidence Act remains the correct citation.

More questions about this page

What is section 65B of the Evidence Act in BSA?▼
Section 65B, admissibility of electronic records, is now section 63 of the Bharatiya Sakshya Adhiniyam. The certificate must now be signed by the person in charge of the device or activities and by an expert, in the two-part Schedule form that asks for the hash value. For a proceeding pending before 1 July 2024, section 65B still applies.
What is section 27 of the Evidence Act in BSA?▼
The discovery rule in section 27 is the proviso to section 23 of the BSA. Where a fact is discovered in consequence of information received from an accused in police custody, so much of the information as relates distinctly to the fact discovered may be proved, whether or not it amounts to a confession. Section 23 itself holds the old sections 25 and 26.
What is section 32 of the Evidence Act in BSA?▼
Section 32, on statements by persons who cannot be called as witnesses — including dying declarations — is section 26 of the BSA. A statement by a person about the cause of their death, or the circumstances of the transaction that resulted in it, is relevant where that cause is in question, whether or not they expected to die.
Does the BSA apply to trials pending before July 2024?▼
No. Section 170(2) of the BSA says any application, trial, inquiry, investigation, proceeding or appeal pending immediately before 1 July 2024 is dealt with under the Indian Evidence Act as if the BSA had not come into force. Proceedings begun on or after that date use the BSA, even about older events. Borderline cases can turn on their facts.
Why does the converter say "moved" and not "unchanged"?▼
Because the Government’s corresponding-section table for the Evidence Act carries no change markers at all. A one-to-one move in that table tells you where a provision went, not whether its wording survived. BSA 63 is listed as a plain move from section 65B, yet it added a prescribed two-signature certificate. Read the new section before relying on it.
Which BSA sections are new?▼
The Government’s table lists two BSA provisions with no Evidence Act predecessor: section 61, which provides that an electronic or digital record shall not be denied admissibility merely on the ground that it is electronic, subject to section 63, and section 170, which repeals the Evidence Act and saves pending proceedings. Neither has an old section number.
Does this converter work without JavaScript?▼
The search box needs JavaScript, but the answers do not. The complete Evidence Act to BSA table is rendered on this page by the server, grouped by chapter, so every mapping can be read with scripting switched off and indexed by search engines. The IPC and CrPC tables are on their own converter pages.

Official sources checked

The statutes, rules and regulator pages the statements on this page were checked against.

The complete table: every Evidence Act section and its BSA provision

All 184 Indian Evidence Act provisions in the Government’s corresponding-section table, by chapter. Open a chapter to read it; the rows are in this page’s HTML whether or not a chapter is open, and this is the same data the converter above uses.

The what happened column is the part to read. Merged means the new section alone is not your answer and the sub-section is. Changed means the Government’s table marks the provision altered. Repealed means there is no new number. This table marks no changes at all for the Evidence Act, so “moved” here only means a one-to-one move — read the new section before relying on old case law.

PART I CHAPTER I PRELIMINARY3
PART I CHAPTER I PRELIMINARY — Evidence Act sections and their BSA counterparts
Evidence ActProvisionBSAWhat happened
1Short title. Extent. Commencement of Act.1movednow: Short title, application and commencement.
3Interpretation-clause.2mergednow: Definitions.
4― May Presume. ―Shall presume. ―Conclusive proof.2mergednow: Definitions.
PART II CHAPTER II RELEVANCY OF FACTS58
PART II CHAPTER II RELEVANCY OF FACTS — Evidence Act sections and their BSA counterparts
Evidence ActProvisionBSAWhat happened
5Evidence may be given of facts in issue and relevant facts.3movednow: Evidence may be given of facts in issue and relevant facts.
6Relevancy of facts forming part of same transaction.4movednow: Relevancy of facts forming part of same transaction.
7Facts which are the occasion, cause or effect of facts in issue.5movednow: Facts which are occasion, cause or effect of facts in issue or relevant facts.
8Motive, preparation and previous or subsequent conduct.6movednow: Motive, preparation and previous or subsequent conduct.
9Facts necessary to explain or introduce relevant facts.7movednow: Facts necessary to explain or introduce fact in issue or relevant facts.
10Things said or done by conspirator in reference to common design.8movednow: Things said or done by conspirator in reference to common design.
11When facts not otherwise relevant become relevant.9movednow: When facts not otherwise relevant become relevant.
12In suits for damages, facts tending to enable Court to determine amount are relevant.10movednow: Facts tending to enable Court to determine amount are relevant in suits for damages.
13Facts relevant when right or custom is in question.11movednow: Facts relevant when right or custom is in question.
14Facts showing existence of state of mind, or of body of bodily feeling.12movednow: Facts showing existence of state of mind, or of body or bodily feeling.
15Facts bearing on question whether act was accidental or intentional.13movednow: Facts bearing on question whether act was accidental or intentional.
16Existence of course of business when relevant.14movednow: Existence of course of business when relevant.
17Admission defined.15movednow: Admission defined.
18Admission - by party to proceeding or his agent; by suitor in representative character; by party interested in subject-matter; by person from whom interest derived.16movednow: Admission by party to proceeding or his agent.
19Admissions by persons whose position must be proved as against party to suit.17movednow: Admissions by persons whose position must be proved as against party to suit.
20Admissions by persons expressly referred to by party to suit.18movednow: Admissions by persons expressly referred to by party to suit.
21Proof of admissions against persons making them, and by or on their behalf.19movednow: Proof of admissions against persons making them, and by or on their behalf.
22When oral admissions as to contents of documents are relevant.20movednow: When oral admissions as to contents of documents are relevant.
22AWhen oral admission as to contents of electronic records are relevant.nonerepealed
23Admissions in civil cases when relevant.21movednow: Admissions in civil cases when relevant.
24Confession caused by inducement, threat or promise, when irrelevant in criminal proceeding.22mergednow: Confession caused by inducement, threat, coercion or promise, when irrelevant in criminal proceeding.
28Confession made after removal of impression caused by inducement, threat or promise, relevant.22, proviso 1mergednow: Confession caused by inducement, threat, coercion or promise, when irrelevant in criminal proceeding.
29Confession otherwise relevant not to become irrelevant because of promise of secrecy, etc.22, proviso 2mergednow: Confession caused by inducement, threat, coercion or promise, when irrelevant in criminal proceeding.
25Confession to police-officer not to be proved.23(1)mergednow: Confession to police officer.
26Confession by accused while in custody of Police not to be proved against him.23(2)mergednow: Confession to police officer.
27How much of information received from accused may be proved.23, provisomergednow: Confession to police officer.
30Consideration of proved confession affecting person making it and others jointly under trial for same offence.24movednow: Consideration of proved confession affecting person making it and others jointly under trial for same offence.
31Admissions not conclusive proof, but may estop.25movednow: Admissions not conclusive proof, but may estop.
32Cases in which statement of relevant fact by person who is dead or cannot be found, etc., is relevant.26movednow: Cases in which statement of relevant fact by person who is dead or cannot be found, etc., is relevant.
33Relevancy of certain evidence for proving, in subsequent proceeding, the truth of facts therein stated.27movednow: Relevancy of certain evidence for proving, in subsequent proceeding, truth of facts therein stated.
34Entries in books of account, including when relevant.28movednow: Entries in books of account when relevant.
35Relevancy of entry in public record made in performance of duty.29movednow: Relevancy of entry in public record or an electronic record made in performance of duty.
36Relevancy of statements in maps, charts and plans.30movednow: Relevancy of statements in maps, charts and plans.
37Relevancy of statement as to fact of public nature contained in certain Acts or notifications.31movednow: Relevancy of statement as to fact of public nature contained in certain Acts or notifications.
38Relevancy of statements as to any law contained in law-books.32movednow: Relevancy of statements as to any law contained in law books including electronic or digital form.
39What evidence to be given when statement from part of a conversation, document, electronic record, book or series of letters or papers.33movednow: What evidence to be given when statement forms part of a conversation, document, electronic record, book or series of letters or papers.
40Previous judgments relevant to bar a second suit or trial.34movednow: Previous judgments relevant to bar a second suit or trial.
41Relevancy of certain judgments in probate, etc., jurisdiction.35movednow: Relevancy of certain judgments in probate, etc., jurisdiction.
42Relevancy and effect of judgments, orders or decrees, other than those mentioned in section 41.36movednow: Relevancy and effect of judgments, orders or decrees, other than those mentioned in section 35.
43Judgments, etc., other than those mentioned in sections 40, 41 and 42, when relevant.37movednow: Judgments, etc., other than those mentioned in sections 34, 35 and 36 when relevant.
44Fraud or collusion in obtaining judgment, or incompetency of Court, may be proved.38movednow: Fraud or collusion in obtaining judgment, or incompetency of Court, may be proved.
45Opinions of experts.39(1)mergednow: Opinions of experts.
45AOpinion of Examiner of Electronic Evidence.39(2)mergednow: Opinions of experts.
46Facts hearing upon opinions of experts.40movednow: Facts bearing upon opinions of experts.
47Opinion as to handwriting, when relevant.41(1)mergednow: Opinion as to handwriting and signature, when relevant.
47AOpinion as to digital signature, when relevant.41(2)mergednow: Opinion as to handwriting and signature, when relevant.
48Opinion as to existence of right or custom, when relevant.42movednow: Opinion as to existence of general custom or right, when relevant.
49Opinion as to usages, tenets, etc., when relevant.43movednow: Opinion as to usages, tenets, etc., when relevant.
50Opinion on relationship, when relevant.44movednow: Opinion on relationship, when relevant.
51Grounds of opinion, when relevant.45movednow: Grounds of opinion, when relevant.
52In civil cases character to prove conduct imputed, irrelevant.46movednow: In civil cases character to prove conduct imputed, irrelevant.
53In criminal cases previous good character relevant.47movednow: In criminal cases previous good character relevant.
53AEvidence of character or previous sexual experience not relevant in certain cases.48movednow: Evidence of character or previous sexual experience not relevant in certain cases.
54Previous bad character not relevant, except in reply.49movednow: Previous bad character not relevant, except in reply.
55Character as affecting damages.50movednow: Character as affecting damages.
56Fact judicially noticeable need not be proved.51movednow: Fact judicially noticeable need not be proved.
57Facts of which Court must take judicial notice.52movednow: Facts of which Court shall take judicial notice.
58Facts admitted need not be proved.53movednow: Facts admitted need not be proved.
CHAPTER IV OF ORAL EVIDENCE2
CHAPTER IV OF ORAL EVIDENCE — Evidence Act sections and their BSA counterparts
Evidence ActProvisionBSAWhat happened
59Proof of facts by oral evidence.54movednow: Proof of facts by oral evidence.
60Oral evidence must be direct.55movednow: Oral evidence to be direct.
CHAPTER V OF DOCUMENTARY EVIDENCE40
CHAPTER V OF DOCUMENTARY EVIDENCE — Evidence Act sections and their BSA counterparts
Evidence ActProvisionBSAWhat happened
61Proof of contents of documents.56movednow: Proof of contents of documents.
62Primary evidence.57movednow: Primary evidence.
63Secondary evidence.58movednow: Secondary evidence.
64Proof of documents by primary evidence.59movednow: Proof of documents by primary evidence.
65Cases in which secondary evidence relating to documents may be given.60movednow: Cases in which secondary evidence relating to documents maybe given.
65ASpecial provisions as to evidence relating to electronic record.62movednow: Special provisions as to evidence relating to electronic record.
65BAdmissibility of electronic records.63movednow: Admissibility of electronic records.
66Rules as to notice to produce.64movednow: Rules as to notice to produce.
67Proof of signature and handwriting of person alleged to have signed or written document produced.65movednow: Proof of signature and handwriting of person alleged to have signed or written document produced.
67AProof as to electronic signature.66movednow: Proof as to electronic signature.
68Proof of execution of document required by law to be attested.67movednow: Proof of execution of document required by law to be attested.
69Proof where no attesting witness found.68movednow: Proof where no attesting witness found.
70Admission of execution by party to attested document.69movednow: Admission of execution by party to attested document.
71Proof when attesting witness denies the execution.70movednow: Proof when attesting witness denies execution.
72Proof of document not required by law to be attested.71movednow: Proof of document not required by law to be attested.
73Comparison of signature, writing or seal with others admitted or proved.72movednow: Comparison of signature, writing or seal with others admitted or proved.
73AProof as to verification of digital signature.73movednow: Proof as to verification of digital signature.
74Public documents.74(1)mergednow: Public and private documents.
75Private documents.74(2)mergednow: Public and private documents.
76Certified copies of public documents.75movednow: Certified copies of public documents.
77Proof of documents by production of certified copies.76movednow: Proof of documents by production of certified copies.
78Proof of other official documents.77movednow: Proof of other official documents.
79Presumption as to genuineness of certified copies.78movednow: Presumption as to genuineness of certified copies.
80Presumption as to documents produced as record of evidence.79movednow: Presumption as to documents produced as record of evidence, etc.
81Presumption as to Gazettes, newspapers, private Acts of Parliament and other documents. Explanation of S. 9080movednow: Presumption as to Gazettes, newspapers, and other documents.
81APresumption as to Gazettes in electronic forms. Explanation of S. 90A81movednow: Presumption as to Gazettes in electronic or digital record.
82Presumption as to document admissible in England without proof of seal or signature.nonerepealed
83Presumption as to maps or plans made by authority of Government.82movednow: Presumption as to maps or plans made by authority of Government.
84Presumption as to collections of laws and reports of decisions.83movednow: Presumption as to collections of laws and reports of decisions.
85Presumptions as to powers-of-attorney.84movednow: Presumption as to powers-of-attorney.
85APresumption as to electronic agreements.85movednow: Presumption as to electronic agreements.
85BPresumption as to electronic records and electronic signatures.86movednow: Presumption as to electronic records and electronic signatures.
85CPresumption as to electronic signature certificates.87movednow: Presumption as to Electronic Signature Certificates.
86Presumption as to certified copies of foreign judicial records.88movednow: Presumption as to certified copies of foreign judicial records.
87Presumption as to books, maps and charts.89movednow: Presumption as to books, maps and charts.
88Presumption as to telegraphic messages.nonerepealed
88APresumption as to electronic messages.90movednow: Presumption as to electronic messages.
89Presumption as to due execution, etc., of documents not produced.91movednow: Presumption as to due execution, etc., of documents not produced.
90Presumption as to documents thirty years old.92movednow: Presumption as to documents thirty years old.
90APresumption as to electronic records five years old.93movednow: Presumption as to electronic records five years old.
CHAPTER VI OF THE EXCLUSION OF ORAL EVIDENCE BY DOCUMENTARY EVIDENCE28
CHAPTER VI OF THE EXCLUSION OF ORAL EVIDENCE BY DOCUMENTARY EVIDENCE — Evidence Act sections and their BSA counterparts
Evidence ActProvisionBSAWhat happened
91Evidence of terms of contracts, grants and other dispositions of property reduced to form of document.94movednow: Evidence of terms of contracts, grants and other dispositions of property reduced to form of document.
92Exclusion of evidence of oral agreement.95movednow: Exclusion of evidence of oral agreement.
93Exclusion of evidence to explain or amend ambiguous document.96movednow: Exclusion of evidence to explain or amend ambiguous document.
94Exclusion of evidence against application of document to existing facts.97movednow: Exclusion of evidence against application of document to existing facts.
95Evidence as to document unmeaning in reference to existing facts.98movednow: Evidence as to document unmeaning in reference to existing facts.
96Evidence as to application of language which can apply to one only of several persons.99movednow: Evidence as to application of language which can apply to one only of several persons.
97Evidence as to application of language to one of two sets of facts, to neither of which the whole correctly applies.100movednow: . Evidence as to application of language to one of two sets of facts, to neither of which the whole correctly applies.
98Evidence as to meaning of illegible characters, etc.101movednow: Evidence as to meaning of illegible characters, etc.
99Who may give evidence of agreement varying terms of document.102movednow: Who may give evidence of agreement varying terms of document.
100Saving of provisions of Indian Succession Act relating to wills.103movednow: Saving of provisions of Indian Succession Act relating to wills.
101Burden of proof.104movednow: Burden of proof.
102On whom burden of proof lies.105movednow: On whom burden of proof lies.
103Burden of proof as to particular fact.106movednow: Burden of proof as to particular fact.
104Burden of proving fact to be proved to make evidence admissible.107movednow: Burden of proving fact to be proved to make evidence admissible.
105Burden of proving that case of accused comes within exceptions.108movednow: Burden of proving that case of accused comes within exceptions.
106Burden of proving fact especially within knowledge.109movednow: Burden of proving fact especially within knowledge.
107Burden of proving death of person known to have been alive within thirty years.110movednow: Burden of proving death of person known to have been alive within thirty years.
108Burden of proving that person is alive who has not been heard of for seven years.111movednow: Burden of proving that person is alive who has not been heard of for seven years.
109Burden of proof as to relationship in the cases of partners, landlord and tenant, principal and agent.112movednow: Burden of proof as to relationship in the cases of partners, landlord and tenant, principal and agent.
110Burden of proof as to ownership.113movednow: Burden of proof as to ownership.
111Proof of good faith in transactions where one party is in relation of active confidence.114movednow: Proof of good faith in transactions where one party is in relation of active confidence.
111APresumption as to certain offences.115movednow: Presumption as to certain offences.
112Birth during marriage, conclusive proof of legitimacy.116movednow: Birth during marriage, conclusive proof of legitimacy.
113Proof of cession of territory.nonerepealed
113APresumption as to abetment of suicide by a married woman.117movednow: Presumption as to abetment of suicide by a married woman.
113BPresumption as to dowry death.118movednow: Presumption as to dowry death.
114Court may presume existence of certain facts.119movednow: Court may presume existence of certain facts.
114APresumption as to absence of consent in certain prosecution for rape120movednow: Presumption as to absence of consent in certain prosecution for rape.
CHAPTER VIII ESTOPPEL3
CHAPTER VIII ESTOPPEL — Evidence Act sections and their BSA counterparts
Evidence ActProvisionBSAWhat happened
115Estoppel.121movednow: Estoppel.
116Estoppel of tenants and of licensee of person in possession.122movednow: Estoppel of tenant and of licensee of person in possession.
117Estoppel of acceptor of bill of exchange, bailee or licensee.123movednow: Estoppel of acceptor of bill of exchange, bailee or licensee.
CHAPTER IX OF WITNESSES17
CHAPTER IX OF WITNESSES — Evidence Act sections and their BSA counterparts
Evidence ActProvisionBSAWhat happened
118Who may testify.124movednow: Who may testify.
119Witness unable to communicate verbally.125movednow: Witness unable to communicate verbally.
120Parties to civil suit, and their wives or husbands. Husband or wife of person under criminal trial.126movednow: Competency of husband and wife as witnesses in certain cases.
121Judges and Magistrates.127movednow: Judges and Magistrates.
122Communications during marriage.128movednow: Communications during marriage.
123Evidence as to affairs of State.129movednow: Evidence as to affairs of State.
124Official communications.130movednow: Official communications.
125Information as to commission of offences.131movednow: Information as to commission of offences.
126Professional communications.132(1)mergednow: Professional communications.
127Section 126 to apply to interpreters, etc.132(3)mergednow: Professional communications.
128Privilege not waived by volunteering evidence.133movednow: Privilege not waived by volunteering evidence.
129Confidential communications with legal advisers.134movednow: Confidential communication with legal advisers.
130Production of title-deeds of witness not a party.135movednow: Production of title-deeds of witness not a party.
131Production of documents or electronic records which another person, having possession, could refuse to produce.136movednow: Production of documents or electronic records which another person, having possession, could refuse to produce.
132Witness not excused from answering on ground that answer will criminate.137movednow: Witness not excused from answering on ground that answer will criminate.
133Accomplice.138movednow: Accomplice.
134Number of witnesses.139movednow: Number of witnesses.
CHAPTER X OF EXAMINATION OF WITNESSES32
CHAPTER X OF EXAMINATION OF WITNESSES — Evidence Act sections and their BSA counterparts
Evidence ActProvisionBSAWhat happened
135Order of production and examination of witnesses.140movednow: Order of production and examination of witnesses.
136Judge to decide as to admissibility of evidence.141movednow: Judge to decide as to admissibility of evidence.
137Examination-in-chief.142movednow: Examination of witnesses.
138Order of examinations.143movednow: Order of examinations.
139Cross-examination of person called to produce a document.144movednow: Cross examination of person called to produce a document.
140Witnesses to character.145movednow: Witnesses to character.
141Leading questions.146(1)mergednow: Leading questions.
142When they must not be asked.146(2), 146(3)mergednow: Leading questions.
143When they may be asked.146(4)mergednow: Leading questions.
144Evidence as to matters in writing.147movednow: Evidence as to matters in writing.
145Cross-examination as to previous statements in writing.148movednow: Cross examination as to previous statements in writing.
146Questions lawful in cross-examination.149movednow: Questions lawful in cross examination.
147When witness to be compelled to answer.150movednow: When witness to be compelled to answer.
148Court to decide when question shall be asked and when witness compelled to answer.151movednow: Court to decide when question shall be asked and when witness compelled to answer.
149Question not to be asked without reasonable grounds.152movednow: Question not to be asked without reasonable grounds.
150Procedure of Court in case of question being asked without reasonable grounds.153movednow: Procedure of Court in case of question being asked without reasonable grounds.
151Indecent and scandalous questions.154movednow: Indecent and scandalous questions.
152Questions intended to insult or annoy.155movednow: Questions intended to insult or annoy.
153Exclusion of evidence to contradict answers to questions testing veracity.156movednow: Exclusion of evidence to contradict answers to questions testing veracity.
154Question by party to his own witness.157movednow: Question by party to his own witness.
155Impeaching credit of witness.158movednow: Impeaching credit of witness.
156Questions tending to corroborate evidence of relevant fact, admissible.159movednow: Questions tending to corroborate evidence of relevant fact, admissible.
157Former statements of witness may be proved to corroborate later testimony as to same fact.160movednow: Former statements of witness may be proved to corroborate later testimony as to same fact.
158What matters may be proved in connection with proved statement relevant under section 32 or 33.161movednow: What matters may be proved in connection with proved statement relevant under section 26 or 27.
159Refreshing memory.162movednow: Refreshing memory.
160Testimony to facts stated in document mentioned in section 159.163movednow: Testimony to facts stated in document mentioned in section 162.
161Right of adverse party as to writing used to refresh memory.164movednow: Right of adverse party as to writing used to refresh memory.
162Production of documents.165movednow: Production of documents.
163Giving, as evidence, of document called for and produced on notice.166movednow: Giving, as evidence, of document called for and produced on notice.
164Using, as evidence, of document production of which was refused on notice.167movednow: Using, as evidence, of document production of which was refused on notice.
165Judge’s power to put questions or order production.168movednow: Judge's power to put questions or order production.
166Power of jury or assessors to put questions.nonerepealed
CHAPTER XI OF IMPROPER ADMISSION AND REJECTION OF EVIDENCE1
CHAPTER XI OF IMPROPER ADMISSION AND REJECTION OF EVIDENCE — Evidence Act sections and their BSA counterparts
Evidence ActProvisionBSAWhat happened
167No new trial for improper admission or rejection of evidence.169movednow: No new trial for improper admission or rejection of evidence.

The Acts themselves

Not legal advice. GetNyay is not a law firm and does not practise law. This tool converts section numbers; it does not tell you what a provision means for your situation, and it is no substitute for an advocate on your own facts.

Editor checked against primary sourcesEditorial Policy

Mapping checked against the Ministry of Home Affairs corresponding-section table on 11 September 2026. The Bharatiya Sakshya Adhiniyam, 2023 has been in force since 1 July 2024. Where a row could not be verified it is excluded from this tool rather than guessed at.

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